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Sources added in the 2026 revision

This section is new. MacKay’s bibliography above is his and is unchanged.

The 2026 material cites its sources in the notes at the end of each chapter, where the particular figure, table or sentence they support can be seen. What follows is the list of the works and data sources those notes draw on, so that a reader can see at a glance what this revision is built from. Where a note and this list disagree, the note is the one that was checked.

Books, papers and reviews

• Giddings, J., Bloomfield, H., James, R., and Blair, M. The impact of future UK offshore wind farm distribution and climate change on generation performance and variability. Used in chapter 4 for whether the wind itself is changing.
• Koljonen, T., Soimakallio, S., Silfver, T., and Kivinen, M., editors. (2025). Kansallisen energia- ja ilmastopolitiikan uudet toimet ja skenaariot (KEITO). VTT Technology 442. The Finnish national scenarios, and the data-centre assumption behind figure 11a.2.
• Liebreich, M. (2023). Clean Hydrogen Ladder, version 5.0. liebreich.com. The ranking chapter O is built on.
• Mattila, V.-M. (2025). Datakeskusten kansallinen tiekartta: Selvityshenkilön raportti. Valtioneuvoston julkaisuja 2025:94; the English translation, National Roadmap for Data Centres, is 2025:95. The census and pipeline figures in chapter 11a.
• Murphy, T. W., Jr. (2021). Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet. University of California, San Diego. ISBN 978-0-578-86717-5. escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions. Chapter P is about this book.
• Thomas, J., Hwang, H.-L., West, B., and Huff, S. (2013). Predicting light-duty vehicle fuel economy as a function of highway speed. SAE 2013-01-1113. The 74-vehicle study behind figure A.12a, reached through the data book below rather than directly.
• Vest, K. and Tych, W. Is the apparent global stilling effect on wind power generation an artefact? Chapter 4’s answer to whether British wind is dying.
• Witt, S. The New Yorker’s estimate of the energy in a longer piece of machine writing, set beside Google’s per-prompt figure in chapter 11a.
• Yu, L. (2026). The Grid We Need Now: Independent Review. Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. Chapter 11a’s British answer to the connection queue.

Reports and official statistics

• BloombergNEF. Corporate Energy Market Outlook. The corporate clean-power contracting totals in chapter 11a.
• Brookings Institution. Employment effects of data centres, in chapter 11a’s jobs section.
• Central Statistics Office, Ireland. Metered electricity consumption by data centres.
• Commission for Regulation of Utilities, Ireland. (2025). Large Energy User connection policy.
• Confederation of Finnish Industries. Green-transition investment dashboard, as quoted in the rapporteur’s report.
• European Environment Agency and Eurostat. European emissions and energy-price series.
• Gallup. (2026). Americans’ opinions of data centres in their own neighbourhoods.
• Hannula, I. (2026). Carbon Economics. The comparison of Finland’s committed data-centre capacity against its scenarios, redrawn as figure 11a.2.
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Sixth Assessment Report. The land-sink potential and its delivery, in chapter 31.
• International Energy Agency. Energy and AI (2025); Global EV Outlook (2025 and 2026).
• Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2024). United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, for the Department of Energy.
• National Grid / NESO. Future Energy Scenarios.
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Transportation Energy Data Book, edition 40 (2022). Tables 4.33 and 4.34 are figure A.12a.
• Odyssee-Mure. European end-use energy indicators.
• Ramboll. (2025). The census of Finnish data centres quoted in the rapporteur’s report.
• Skeptical Science. The catalogue of climate arguments behind several of the Mythconceptions sections.
• Statistics Sweden, Svenskt Näringsliv, and the Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten). Swedish population, data-centre projections and measured data-centre electricity.
• United States Energy Information Administration. American generation and price series.

Live data, registers and instruments

• Argonne National Laboratory. Autonomie vehicle model, through the Transportation Energy Data Book.
• Cairngorm Automatic Weather Station, Heriot-Watt University. The summit station of figure 4.2a, archived since 1990.
• Cambridge Computer Laboratory weather station. MacKay’s own rooftop station, still publishing; figures 4.1a and 4.6a.
• Elexon. Balancing Mechanism Reporting Service: half-hourly generation by fuel type and the market index price, used for the capture prices in chapters 4, 26 and 28a.
• Ember and the Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy and Ember’s electricity data, mostly reached through Our World in Data, which is where most of this edition’s redrawn figures come from.
• ENTSO-E. Load and generation for European countries, through the energy-charts API; the basis of figure 25.9a.
• Fingrid. Finnish peak load and system statistics.
• Met Office. The Cambridge and Oxford temperature series.
• NESO. Historic demand data for Great Britain, including the embedded solar and wind that national demand nets off.
• Open-Meteo and ERA5. Reanalysis temperatures for the thermosensitivity work in chapter 25 and the heating chapters.
• Our World in Data. The grapher series behind most redrawn figures, itself built on Ember and the Energy Institute.
• PVGIS. European Commission irradiance data, for the solar chapters.
• RDW. The Netherlands’ open vehicle register: type-approval maximum design speed and maximum net power, which is figure A.13a.
• Svenska kraftnät. Swedish reserve-market auction results, for the battery revenue arithmetic in chapter 26.